Reproductive Health covers menstrual disorders, PCOS, fibroids, endometriosis, contraception, and fertility — including the rising fertility challenges Indian couples face today. Our gynecologists and editorial team explain symptoms that warrant evaluation, what each condition means, and what current evidence-based treatment looks like.
Last reviewed: 11 August 2026
Useful questions include: What is likely cause of azoospermia? What are realistic retrieval chances in my case? Is hormonal treatment recommended first? What genetic tests needed? What happens if sperm not found? Will sperm be frozen if retrieved? How experienced is surgical team with MicroTESE? These discussions matter more than generic online success percentages.
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Listen to Dr Niranjana Jayakrishnan, Consultant Obstetrician and Infertility Specialist, KJK Hospital speaking on occasion of World...
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The thyroid gland, which sits just above a woman's collarbone, plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions.
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Common causes: PCOS, thyroid disorders, stress, significant weight changes, extreme exercise, hormonal contraceptives, perimenopause. Occasional variation is normal; persistent irregularity (frequently missing periods, cycles very long or short, unpredictable timing) deserves evaluation. Basic workup: pregnancy test first, then blood tests (TSH, prolactin, sometimes reproductive hormones), and ultrasound. Treatment depends on underlying cause.
Barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (pills, injections, implants), intrauterine devices (copper IUD, hormonal IUD), permanent methods (tubectomy for women, vasectomy for men — safe, effective, often reversible up to a point), and emergency contraception (i-pill etc — for occasional use, not routine). Each has different failure rates, side effects, and suitability. A gynaecologist can guide the right fit for your situation.
For couples under 35 trying without success for 12 months, or over 35 trying for 6 months. Earlier if there are known issues (irregular cycles, PCOS, past pelvic infections, low sperm count history, previous surgeries). Both partners get evaluated — male factor contributes to about 40% of infertility. India has good fertility centres in major cities with a range of treatments from lifestyle counselling to IVF.
Mild cramps for a day or two are normal. Severe pain that requires missing work or school, pain outside your period, painful sex, or worsening pain over time isn't normal. Endometriosis, adenomyosis, fibroids, and pelvic inflammatory disease can all cause significant menstrual pain — worth investigating. Don't accept 'periods hurt' as an explanation for pain that disrupts your life.
For most healthy women, modern hormonal contraceptives are safe and effective. Small increases in blood clot risk (higher in smokers, obese women, and over 35). No routine increase in long-term cancer risk (some cancers actually reduce). Side effects vary — some women adapt; others benefit from switching methods. Not for women with certain conditions (specific migraines, breast cancer history, active blood clot risk). A gynaecologist can guide the right choice.
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